raas system(renin angoitensin aldosterone )

RAAS systems is very important in our body because this control it is a part of homeostasis(control normality functioning of internal system).

RAAS can be divided into 2 parts:

1. plasmatic endocrine cascade 
2. local tissue RAAS- affecting heart , vessels, adrenal gland and brain) 

for plasmatic endocrine cascade , we can divided into 2 substances which are renin and angiotensin 1 (AT-1). renin synthesised as preprorenin in juxtaglomerular cells in kidney, then it will cleaved to prorenin which stiil inactive form and then finally to active renin. Renin is used to catalyze conversion of angiotensinogen produced by the liver into AT-1. Renin secretion will be secreted under certain condition which are:

1. when blood pressure drop in vas afferens
2. drop in sodium ion concentration detected by macula densa in distal tubule.
3. when increased in sympathetic activity(when noradrenaline and adrenaline bind to B1 receptor)

AT1 only have small to none its own physiological effect because AT-1 will be converted to AT-2 by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACE also responsible for bradykinin breakdown( bradykinin has vasodilator effect), ACE maily bound to endothelial membrane especially in pulmonary circulation.AT -2 has very shot half life , maximum inly 1 minute, because hydrolyzed by plasmatic peptidases. AT -2 has certain effect:

• cause vasoconstriction- increase peripheral vascular resistance.
• increase aldosterone secretion- cause sodium ion retention which lead to water retention
• tissue remodelling in vascular smooth muscle , fibroblast activation, collagen synthesis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis.
• effect central nervous system by activate thirst center activation, increased sympathetic tonus and ADH and ACTH secretion.

hence if activation of RAAS system occur in chronic condition it can lead to many problem for example:

1. atherosclerosis
2. vascular hypertrophy
3. left ventricle hypertrophy fibrosis
4. decrease glomerular filtration rate 
5. protienuria 
6. sodium retention

this will lead to hypertension, that can lead to stroke, heart failure and renal failure finally lead to death.

having problem travel to Malaysia?

Having problem travel to Malaysia?

 Here some basic things you need to know about Malaysia.

First of all, when you arrived in Malaysia, you need to make sure you have cash in ringgit currency because in Malaysia, you cannot use your credit card in all shop not like European country. But don’t change the money in airport but you can change in KL central because the rate is much better than in airport.

When you arrived in airport, you can take ERL, which is direct train to KL central , cost RM 35. It takes time about 40 minutes, or you can take taxi, but much more expensive. From Kl central, you can take taxi, monorel or bus there  depend on your next station. The best way is before you arrive there, try to contact the apartment you rent, how you can go there.

In Malaysia, we have 14 states, 2 in borneo and 12 in peninsular Malaysia. In peninsular Malaysia I recommend you to go to capital city, Kuala Lumpur, because you can find everything there from foods, shooping, and culture. If you like to go to nature environment, I recommend you to go to Cameron Highland, there you can find a lot of fresh food from garden and environment colder than any other places in Malaysia. Next you must go to Langkawi, because there, the sea and beach are very beautiful and you can buy a lot of stuff without tax. Next you can go to Terengganu, on yhe East side, there you can find a lot more small island for scuba or diving, and you can eat tradisional food we called “keropok lekor”., and the beach also very beautiful. You also can go to Kelantan, they call tis place Serambi Mekah, because here 99% percent citizens are muslims. Here you can go to Khadijah Market, here you can find only women work here. In Kelantan there is also area with tax free, we called “Rantau Panjang”, border between Malaysia and Thailand.

Besides in peninsular Malaysia, you can go to Borneo because in Borneo, you can find more nature than in peninsular Malaysia.

In Malaysia, everything is cheaper if you compare in European countries. Even if oyu want to travel to those places that I already mention, you can go there by bus or by flight. We Have 3 different cheap flight which are AIR ASIA, MALINDO and FIRE FLY.

In you have any question, you can comment to this article or email me.