raas system(renin angoitensin aldosterone )

RAAS systems is very important in our body because this control it is a part of homeostasis(control normality functioning of internal system).

RAAS can be divided into 2 parts:

1. plasmatic endocrine cascade 
2. local tissue RAAS- affecting heart , vessels, adrenal gland and brain) 

for plasmatic endocrine cascade , we can divided into 2 substances which are renin and angiotensin 1 (AT-1). renin synthesised as preprorenin in juxtaglomerular cells in kidney, then it will cleaved to prorenin which stiil inactive form and then finally to active renin. Renin is used to catalyze conversion of angiotensinogen produced by the liver into AT-1. Renin secretion will be secreted under certain condition which are:

1. when blood pressure drop in vas afferens
2. drop in sodium ion concentration detected by macula densa in distal tubule.
3. when increased in sympathetic activity(when noradrenaline and adrenaline bind to B1 receptor)

AT1 only have small to none its own physiological effect because AT-1 will be converted to AT-2 by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACE also responsible for bradykinin breakdown( bradykinin has vasodilator effect), ACE maily bound to endothelial membrane especially in pulmonary circulation.AT -2 has very shot half life , maximum inly 1 minute, because hydrolyzed by plasmatic peptidases. AT -2 has certain effect:

• cause vasoconstriction- increase peripheral vascular resistance.
• increase aldosterone secretion- cause sodium ion retention which lead to water retention
• tissue remodelling in vascular smooth muscle , fibroblast activation, collagen synthesis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis.
• effect central nervous system by activate thirst center activation, increased sympathetic tonus and ADH and ACTH secretion.

hence if activation of RAAS system occur in chronic condition it can lead to many problem for example:

1. atherosclerosis
2. vascular hypertrophy
3. left ventricle hypertrophy fibrosis
4. decrease glomerular filtration rate 
5. protienuria 
6. sodium retention

this will lead to hypertension, that can lead to stroke, heart failure and renal failure finally lead to death.

how to loss weight?

everyone will desired to have slim body to look beautiful or good, not only for that, the most important is to take care of our health.

why obese is so dangerous?

ok, here i will explain a bit why being obese is danger for us.Obese willlead you to have a lot of disease for example diabetes mellitus, hypertension,atherosclerosis, hormonal dysbalance , problem to have childs, liver problem and most important is heart probblem. for more explaination you can comment later and i will explain it

so , how can we loss our weight:

1. first thing you need to keep in mind is, do not to try to loss weight more than 10kg in 6 months, because if you loss your weight to fast , it can lead to other problems.
2. you need to take balance diet: refer here: http://healthncarelifestyle.blogspot.cz/2014/03/get-balanced-diet.html
3. and also you need to make sure to reduce amount of food especially carbohydrate because carbohydrate if excess, it will change to fat in our bodies.
4. drink a lot of water, because it can prevent us to feel hungry and also we need enough water for metabolism in our bodies.
5. do exercise, 30 minutes everyday.
6. stop smoking 
7. the most important thing is to be motivated to do what you have planned.

how to change your car's tyres?

Instructions for changing a car tyre

Check out the gear in your car: make sure that your spare tyre and tools are in good condition. Do not attempt to change the tyre if they're not. Make sure that your personal safety will not be compromised. Be seen: safety clothing (if you have any) and turn on your hazard lights!

Right, here's how to change your car tyre:

1. Block the wheels on the side not being lifted. Make sure no one's inside. Apply handbrake and put the vehicle in park (if automatic) or in gear (if it's a manual).
2. Take off the wheel cover.
3. Loosen the wheel nuts with the wheel wrench while the vehicle is on the ground. If the nuts are too tight to loosen by hand, you may need to apply pressure to the wheel wrench with your foot. If you do need to stand on the wrench, ensure it is in the horizontal position for your own safety.
4. Put the jack together and place it on firm ground, as flat as possible. Every car is different and you can do a bit of damage if you put this in the wrong location - it needs to go in the reinforced area of the sill (if it's a sill jack). The sill is the body section below the base of the door openings.
5. Slowly raise the vehicle.
6. Remove the nuts and remove the wheel, pulling towards you with both hands.
7. Lift the new wheel. Read the manufacturer's instructions if using a space saver. These are a temporary tyre and are not meant to be driven long distances or at speeds over 80km/h.
8. Replace the wheel nuts, making sure these go on the right way, taper towards the wheel. Tighten snugly.
9. Lower the car, then tighten them properly - standing on the wrench handle with it in the horizontal position to give a light bounce, if you had to stand on it to loosen them. If you over-tighten the nuts you can warp the brake components, but not to tighten them enough is dangerous.
10. Replace the wheel cover or hubcap.
11. Take the wheel to a tyre shop for repair or replacement.

When you've finished kneeling on your plastic sheet, use it to protect your boot from the dirty tyre. If you have a space saver, do not travel faster than 80 km/h and get the punctured tyre fixed as soon as possible.